High speed image refresh system

ABSTRACT

A LED controller for an LED pixel array includes an image frame buffer to receive image data and a standby image buffer connected to the image frame buffer to hold a standby image. A command and control module connected is configured to substitute the standby image in the standby image buffer for the image in the image frame buffer when image data is unavailable.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/456,862, filed Jun. 28, 2019, which claims benefit of priority to European Patent Application No. 18203445.4 filed Oct. 30, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,257 filed Sep. 10, 2018, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to a microcontroller with external data image inputs that is able to support an addressable LED pixel array at high speed image refresh speeds.

BACKGROUND

While pixel arrays of LEDs with supporting CMOS circuitry have been used, practical implementations suitable for commercial use can face severe manufacture, power, and data management problems. Individual light intensity of thousands of emitting pixels may need to be controlled at refresh rates of 30-60 Hz. High data refresh rates are needed for many applications, and systems that support a variety of calibration, testing, and control methodologies are needed.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a LED controller for an LED pixel array includes a serial interface to an external data bus, along with an address generator connected to the serial interface and the LED pixel array. An image frame buffer is connected to the interface to receive image data and further connected to the address generator to receive an image frame buffer address. A command and control module is connected to the serial interface and configured to modify image frame buffer output signals. A calibration data storage module is connected to the command and control module to store calibration data related to pixel voltage response in the LED pixel array.

In one embodiment, a standby image buffer is connected to the image frame buffer to hold a default image. In another embodiment a pulse width modulator is connected between the image frame buffer and the LED pixel array.

In some embodiments, the image frame buffer can refresh held images at 60 Hz or greater speed. Image refresh data can be provided externally over a serial interface.

In one embodiment, the command and control module is connected to an ADC that receives temperature data. The command and control module can be connected to an ADC that receives V_(f) data. In some embodiments, the command and control module can be connected to an DAC that receives V_(bias) data.

The command and control module can be connected to a second interface providing external control signals. In another embodiment, the command and control module includes a bypass line connected to the LED pixel array to allow individual pixel addressing.

In some embodiments, the images in the image buffer can be either partially or differentially refreshed.

In some embodiments, a LED controller for an LED pixel array includes an image frame buffer to receive image data and a standby image buffer connected to the image frame buffer to hold a standby image. A command and control module is configured to substitute the standby image in the standby image buffer for the image in the image frame buffer when image data is unavailable. Image data may be unavailable due to errors in the image, or a failure to timely receive the image. In some embodiments image data held in the image frame buffer is provided at least in part by either a vehicle or the LED controller. Similarly, the standby image can be provided at least in part by either a vehicle or the LED controller.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating illumination of a road in discrete sectors using an active headlamp;

FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic pixel addressable lighting module positioned adjacent to a static lighting module;

FIG. 3A is one embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system for controlling an active headlamp;

FIG. 3B is one embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system for controlling an active headlamp with connections to vehicle processing output;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of an active headlamp controller;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a microcontroller assembly for an LED pixel array;

FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively illustrates an LDO bypass circuit for a pixel control circuit and gate timing diagram;

FIGS. 6C and 6D respectively illustrates an alternative pixel control circuit and gate timing diagram; and

FIG. 7 illustrates an active matrix pixel array with row and column select supporting LDO bypass.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Light emitting pixel arrays may support applications that benefit from fine-grained intensity, spatial, and temporal control of light distribution. This may include, but is not limited to, precise spatial patterning of emitted light from pixel blocks or individual pixels. Depending on the application, emitted light may be spectrally distinct, adaptive over time, and/or environmentally responsive. The light emitting pixel arrays may provide preprogrammed light distribution in various intensity, spatial, or temporal patterns. The emitted light may be based at least in part on received sensor data and may be used for optical wireless communications. Associated optics may be distinct at a pixel, pixel block, or device level. An example light emitting pixel array may include a device having a commonly controlled central block of high intensity pixels with an associated common optic, whereas edge pixels may have individual optics. Common applications supported by light emitting pixel arrays include video lighting, automotive headlights, architectural and area illumination, street lighting, and informational displays.

Light emitting pixel arrays may be used to selectively and adaptively illuminate buildings or areas for improved visual display or to reduce lighting costs. In addition, light emitting pixel arrays may be used to project media facades for decorative motion or video effects. In conjunction with tracking sensors and/or cameras, selective illumination of areas around pedestrians may be possible. Spectrally distinct pixels may be used to adjust the color temperature of lighting, as well as support wavelength specific horticultural illumination.

Street lighting is an important application that may greatly benefit from use of light emitting pixel arrays. A single type of light emitting array may be used to mimic various street light types, allowing, for example, switching between a Type I linear street light and a Type IV semicircular street light by appropriate activation or deactivation of selected pixels. In addition, street lighting costs may be lowered by adjusting light beam intensity or distribution according to environmental conditions or time of use. For example, light intensity and area of distribution may be reduced when pedestrians are not present. If pixels of the light emitting pixel array are spectrally distinct, the color temperature of the light may be adjusted according to respective daylight, twilight, or night conditions.

Light emitting arrays are also well suited for supporting applications requiring direct or projected displays. For example, warning, emergency, or informational signs may all be displayed or projected using light emitting arrays. This allows, for example, color changing or flashing exit signs to be projected. If a light emitting array is composed of a large number of pixels, textual or numerical information may be presented. Directional arrows or similar indicators may also be provided.

Vehicle headlamps are a light emitting array application that requires large pixel numbers and a high data refresh rate. Automotive headlights that actively illuminate only selected sections of a roadway can used to reduce problems associated with glare or dazzling of oncoming drivers. Using infrared cameras as sensors, light emitting pixel arrays activate only those pixels needed to illuminate the roadway, while deactivating pixels that may dazzle pedestrians or drivers of oncoming vehicles. In addition, off-road pedestrians, animals, or signs may be selectively illuminated to improve driver environmental awareness. If pixels of the light emitting pixel array are spectrally distinct, the color temperature of the light may be adjusted according to respective daylight, twilight, or night conditions. Some pixels may be used for optical wireless vehicle to vehicle communication.

One high value application for light emitting arrays is illustrated with respect to FIG. 1 , which shows potential roadway illumination pattern 100 for a vehicle headlamp system illuminating a region 120 in front of a vehicle. As illustrated, a roadway 110 includes a left edge 112, a right edge 114, and a centerline 116. In this example, two major regions are illuminated—a downward directed statically illuminated region 122 and a dynamically illuminated region 130. Light intensity within region 130 can be dynamically controlled. For example, as an oncoming vehicle (not shown) traveling between centerline 116 and left edge 112 moves into a subregion 132, light intensity can be reduced or shut off completely. As the oncoming vehicle moves toward subregion 134, a series of subregions (not shown) can be defined to also have reduced light intensity, reducing the chance of unsafe dazzle or glare. As will be appreciated, in other embodiments, light intensity can be increased to accentuate road signs or pedestrians, or spatial illumination patterns adjusted to allow, for example, dynamic light tracking of curved roadways.

FIG. 2 illustrates a positioning of lighting modules 200 able to provide a lighting pattern such as discussed with respect to FIG. 1 . An LED light module 222 can include LEDS, alone or in conjunction with primary or secondary optics, including lenses or reflectors. To reduce overall data management requirements, the light module 222 can be limited to on/off functionality or switching between relatively few light intensity levels. Pixel level control of light intensity is not necessarily supported.

Positioned adjacent to LED light module 222 is an active LED array 230. The LED array includes a CMOS die 202, with a pixel area 204 and alternatively selectable LED areas 206 and 208. The pixel area 204 can have 104 rows and 304 columns, for a total of 31,616 pixels distributed over an area of 12.2 by 4.16 millimeters. The selectable LED areas 206 and 208 allow for differing aspect ratios suitable for different vehicle headlamps or applications to be selected. For example, in one embodiment selectable LED area 206 can have a 1:3 aspect ratio with 82 rows and 246 columns, for a total of 20,172 pixels distributed over an area of 10.6 by 4 millimeters. Alternatively, selectable LED area 208 can have a 1:4 aspect ratio with 71 rows and 284 columns, for a total of 20,164 pixels distributed over an area of 12.1 by 3.2 millimeters. In one embodiment, pixels can be actively managed to have a 10-bit intensity range and a refresh rate of between 30 and 100 Hz, with a typical operational refresh rate of 60 Hz or greater.

FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system 300 including a vehicle supported power (302) and control system including a data bus (304). A sensor module 306 can be connected to the data bus 304 to provide data related to environment conditions (e.g. time of day, rain, fog, ambient light levels, etc.), vehicle condition (parked, in-motion, speed, direction), or presence/position of other vehicles or pedestrians. A separate headlamp system 330 can be connected to the vehicle supported power and control system.

The vehicle headlamp system 300 can include an input filter and protection module 310. The module 310 can support various filters to reduce conducted emissions and provide power immunity. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection, load-dump protection, alternator field decay protection, and reverse polarity protection can also be provided by module 310.

Filtered power can be provided to a LED DC/DC module 312. Module 312 can be used only for powering LEDs, and typically has an input voltage of between 7 and 18 volts, with a nominal 13.2 volts. Output voltage can be set to be slightly higher (e.g. 0.3 volts) than LED array max voltage as determined by factory or local calibration, and operating condition adjustments due to load, temperature or other factors.

Filtered power is also provided to a logic LDO module 314 that can be used to power microcontroller 322 or CMOS logic in the active headlamp 324.

The vehicle headlamp system 300 can also include a bus transceiver 320 (e.g. with a UART or SPI interface) connected to microcontroller 322. The microcontroller 322 can translate vehicle input based on or including data from the sensor module 306. The translated vehicle input can include a video signal that is transferrable to an image buffer in the active headlamp 324. In addition, the microcontroller 322 can load default image frames and test for open/short pixels during startup. In one embodiment, a SPI Interface loads an image buffer in CMOS. Image frames can be full frame, differential or partial. Other microcontroller 322 features can include control interface monitors of CMOS status, including die temperature, as well as logic LDO output. In some embodiments, LED DC/DC output can be dynamically controlled to minimize headroom. In addition to providing image frame data, other headlamp functions such as complementary use in conjunction with side marker or turn signal lights, and/or activation of daytime running lights can also be controlled.

FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of various components and modules of a vehicle headlamp system 330 capable of accepting vehicle sensor inputs and commands, as well as commands based on headlamp or locally mounted sensors. As seen in FIG. 3B, vehicle mounted systems 332 can include remote sensors 340 and electronic processing modules capable of sensor processing 342. Processed sensor data can be input to various decision algorithms in a decision algorithm module 344 that result in command instructions or pattern creation based at least in part on various sensor input conditions, for example, such as ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of other vehicles, road conditions, or weather conditions. As will be appreciated, useful information for the decision algorithm module 344 can be provided from other sources as well, including connections to user smartphones, vehicle to vehicle wireless connections, or connection to remote data or information resources.

Based on the results of the decision algorithm module 344, image creation module 346 provides an image pattern that will ultimately provide an active illumination pattern to the vehicle headlamp that is dynamically adjustable and suitable for conditions. This created image pattern can be encoded for serial or other transmission scheme by image coding module 348 and sent over a high speed bus 350 to an image decoding module 354. Once decoded, the image pattern is provided to the uLED module 380 to drive activation and intensity of illumination pixels.

In some operational modes, the system 330 can be driven with default or simplified image patterns using instructions provided to a headlamp control module 370 via connection of the decision algorithm module 344 through a CAN bus 352. For example, an initial pattern on vehicle start may be a uniform, low light intensity pattern. In some embodiments, the headlamp control module can be used to drive other functions, including sensor activation or control.

In other possible operational modes, the system 330 can be driven with image patterns derived from local sensors or commands not requiring input via the CAN bus 352 or high speed bus 350. For example, local sensors 360 and electronic processing modules capable of sensor processing 362 can be used. Processed sensor data can be input to various decision algorithms in a decision algorithm module 364 that result in command instructions or pattern creation based at least in part on various sensor input conditions, for example, such as ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of other vehicles, road conditions, or weather conditions. As will be appreciated, like vehicle supported remote sensors 340, useful information for the decision algorithm module 364 can be provided from other sources as well, including connections to user smartphones, vehicle to vehicle wireless connections, or connection to remote data or information resources.

Based on the results of the decision algorithm module 364, image creation module 366 provides an image pattern that will ultimately provide an active illumination pattern to the vehicle headlamp that is dynamically adjustable and suitable for conditions. In some embodiments, this created image pattern does not require additional image coding/decoding steps but can be directly sent to the uLED module 380 to drive illumination of selected pixels.

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of various components and modules of an active headlamp system 400 such as described with respect to active headlamp 324 of FIG. 3A. As illustrated, internal modules include an LED power distribution and monitor module 410 and a logic and control module 420.

Image or other data from the vehicle can arrive via an SPI interface 412. Successive images or video data can be stored in an image frame buffer 414. If no image data is available, one or more standby images held in a standby image buffer 416 can be directed to the image frame buffer 414. Such standby images can include, for example, an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with legally allowed low beam headlamp radiation patterns of a vehicle. Image data can also be replaced with standby images when the image data is determined to be in error, or when it is not timely received. In some embodiments, an image frame can be repeated from a determined number of times before substituting a standby image.

In operation, pixels in the images are used to define response of corresponding LED pixels in the pixel module 430, with intensity and spatial modulation of LED pixels being based on the image(s). To reduce data rate issues, groups of pixels (e.g. 5×5 blocks) can be controlled as single blocks in some embodiments. High speed and high data rate operation is supported, with pixel values from successive images able to be loaded as successive frames in an image sequence at a rate between 30 Hz and 100 Hz, with 60 Hz being typical. In conjunction with a pulse width modulation module 418, each pixel in the pixel module can be operated to emit light in a pattern and with an intensity at least partially dependent on the image held in the image frame buffer 414.

In one embodiment, intensity can be separately controlled and adjusted by setting appropriate ramp times and pulse width for each LED pixel using logic and control module 420 and the pulse width modulation module 418. This allows staging of LED pixel activation to reduce power fluctuations, and to provide various pixel diagnostic functionality.

FIG. 5 illustrates a microcontroller assembly 500 for an LED pixel array. The assembly 500 can receive logic power via Vdd and Vss pins. An active matrix receives power for LED array control by multiple V_(LED) and V_(Cathode) pins. A Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) can provide full duplex mode communication using a master-slave architecture with a single master. The master device originates the frame for reading and writing. Multiple slave devices are supported through selection with individual slave select (SS) lines. Input pins can include a Master Output Slave Input (MOSI), a Master Input Slave Output (MISO), a chip select (SC), and clock (CLK), all connected to the SPI interface.

In one embodiment, the SPI frame includes 2 stop bits (both “0”), 10 data bits, MSB first, 3 CRC bits (x3+x+1), a start 111b, and target 000b. Timing can be set per SafeSPI “in-frame” standards.

MOSI Field data can be as follows:

Frame 0: Header

Frame 1/2: Start Column Address [SCOL]

Frame 3/4: Start Row Address [SROW}

Frame 5/6: Number of Columns [NCOL]

Frame 7/8: Number of Rows [NROW]

Frame 9: Intensity pixel [SCOL, SROW]

Frame 10: Intensity pixel [SCOL+1, SROW]

Frame 9+NCOL: Intensity pixel [SCOL+NCOL, SROW]

Frame 9+NCOL+1: Intensity pixel [SCOL, SROW+1]

Frame 9+NCOL+NROW: Intensity pixel [SCOL+NCOL, SROW+NROW]

MISO Field data can include loopback of frame memory.

A field refresh rate at 60 Hz (60 full frames per second) is supported, as is a bit rate of at least 10 Mbps, and typically between 15-20 Mbps.

The SPI interface connects to an address generator, frame buffer, and a standby frame buffer. Pixels can have parameters set and signals or power modified (e.g. by power gating before input to the frame buffer, or after output from the frame buffer via pulse width modulation or power gating) by a command and control module. The SPI interface can be connected to an address generation module that in turn provides row and address information to the active matrix. The address generator module in turn can provide the frame buffer address to the frame buffer.

The command and control module can be externally controlled via an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial bus. A clock (SCL) pin and data (SDA) pin with 7-bit addressing is supported.

The command and control module include a digital to analog converter (DAC) and two analog to digital converters (ADC). These are respectively used to set V_(bias) for a connected active matrix, help determine maximum V_(f), and determine system temperature. Also connected are an oscillator (OSC) to set the pulse width modulation oscillation (PWMOSC) frequency for the active matrix. A bypass line is also present to allow address of individual pixels or pixel blocks in the active matrix for diagnostic, calibration, or testing purposes.

In one embodiment, the command and control module can provide the following inputs and outputs:

Input to CMOS Chip:

VBIAS: Sets voltage bias for LDO's.

GET_WORD[ . . . ]: Requests Output from CMOS.

TEST_M1: Run Pixel Test: LDO in bypass mode, sequentially addresses columns, then rows, outputs VF, using internal 1 μA source.

Vf values output via SPI.

TEST_M2: Run Pixel Test: LDO in bypass mode, sequentially addresses columns, then rows, outputs VF, using external I source.

Vf values output via SPI.

TEST_M3: LDO in bypass mode, addressing through I2C, using internal 1 μA source, Vf output via I2C.

TEST_M4: LDO in bypass mode, addressing through I2C, using external I source, Vf output via I2C.

BUFFER_SWAP: Swap to/from standby buffer.

COLUMN_NUM: Addresses a specific row.

ROW_NUM: Addresses a specific column.

Output from CMOS chip:

CW_PHIV_MIN, CW_PHIV_AVG, CW_PHIV_MAX: factory measured EOL global luminous flux data.

CW_VLED_MIN, CW_VLED_AVG, CW_VLED_MAX: factory measured EOL global forward voltage data.

CW_SERIALNO: die/CMOS combo serial number for traceability purposes.

TEMP_DIE: Value of Die Temperature.

VF: Value of Vf bus when being addressed with COLUMN_NUM and ROW_NUM.

BUFFER_STATUS: Indicates which buffer is selected.

Various calibration and testing methods for microcontroller assembly 500 are supported. During factory calibration a V_(f) of all pixels can be measured. Maximum, minimum and average Vf of the active area can be “burned” as calibration frame. Maximum Vf and dVf/dT calibration frames can be used together with measured die temperature to determine actual V_(LED) dynamically. Typically, a V_(LED) of between 3.0V-4.5V is supported, with actual value being determined by feedback loop to external DC/DC converter such as described with respect to FIG. 3 .

FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively illustrates one embodiment of a pixel control circuit 600 and associated timing diagram 610. Pixel control circuit 600 includes logic having row and column select, and a bypass signal. PWN OSC input and data, along with output from the logic are first fed into generator and then into a PWM. The PWM in turn has a duty cycle that controls activation of a particular pixel. This is described in more detail with respect to the following description of a pixel control circuit 630 of FIG. 6C. Factory calibration V_(f) of all pixels can be measured at 1.0 μA and 1.0 mA using an external current source and LDO bypass functionality.

This operation can be bypassed when the LED pixel is supported by a low dropout (LDO) linear regulator as illustrated in the circuit 600. During bypass V_(f) can be measured either with internal 1 μA current source or external current source on V_(LED). Bypass can be done as a pixel by pixel operation using row and column select. Advantageously, this pixel bypass circuitry allows determination if a particular pixel is working correctly or if any fault situation has occurred.

As illustrated in FIG. 6B, image data and pulse width modulation oscillation clock data can be received by a pulse width modulator. Based on input from a logic module, gate timing including pulse start, ramp time and pulse duration/width (duty cycle) can be set on a per pixel basis. For example, the duty cycle (δ) can be loaded from frame buffer on “read”. An 8-bit δ resolution can be supported. In one embodiment, the pulse leading-edge phase shift (φ) can be set differently for each pixel.

FIG. 6C illustrates a pixel control circuit 630 that does not support a bypass circuit. Pixel control circuit 630 includes logic having row and column select. Output from the logic are first fed into generator and then into a PWM. The PWM in turn has a duty cycle that controls activation of a particular pixel using additional circuitry in the following manner. Three switches, K1 through K3, are controlled by signals received from center control block outside pixels. Switch K3 is the current source, or LDO, and its current is controlled by Vbias. K2 is the PWM switch, which turns on and off based on the PWM duty cycle determined by the image data. In this example, K2 and K3 are P-channel MOSFet, but they can also be switches of any other suitable form. In FIG. 6C, the PWM signal is connected to the gate of K2, and the drain node of K2 is connected to the gate of K3. Consequently, when PWM signal is high, K2 is off and K3 is on, so the LED is on and the current is determined by Vbias voltage. When PWM is low, K2 is on, pulling K3 gate high and turning it off, so the LED is off.

Switch K1 is turned on and off based on row select and column select signal. K1 will be turned on only when the row and column of a specific pixel is selected, otherwise, it will stay off. When K1 is turned on, its impedance becomes low, and the LED forward voltage at the anode, or Va node of that pixel, will appear on the Vf bus. Since the impedance of Vf bus is much higher than that of K1 in the turn-on state, Vf voltage will equal to Va node voltage. When a fault situation happens in the circuit or the LED, the LED forward voltage may deviate from the normal value. Therefore, the Vf voltage can be used to determine if the pixel is working correctly or if any fault situation has occurred, without needing specific pixel bypass circuitry such as disclosed with respect to FIG. 6A. In this way, a real-time or “on-the-fly” detection can be realized such that the pixel status could be monitored and reported during operation.

Because the Vf bus is a shared node for all pixels, the K1 switch can be turned on for only one pixel at a time. The best time to detect fault situations would be when a pixel is turned on by the PWM. Preferably, the PWM values defined by the application image can be used for testing, but special test images may also be an option. When a pixel is turned off, the detection may still be done, although at a more limited level than during turn-on.

The K1 switching control with respect to the PWM can be flexible. Depending on detection requirements, the K1 frequency may be higher or lower than the PWM frequency. Apparently, the higher K1 frequency, the faster detection, i.e. the more pixels can be tested within a time range. E.g., if the PWM frequency is 500 Hz, only one pixel can be tested during one PWM period, or 2 ms, with a K1 frequency of 500 Hz, whereas ten pixels might be tested during 2 ms with a K1 frequency of 5000 Hz. Moreover, the two frequencies may be synchronous or asynchronous.

FIG. 6D illustrates an example control scheme for pixel control circuitry. In this embodiment, a K1 frequency is set close to PWM frequency with turn-on synchronized. Note that while this example only shows three pixels, it can be extended in a similar manner to a whole matrix array of pixels. For each pixel, the diagram shows the PWM signal voltage, Va node voltage and K1 control voltage. For a normal pixel, the Va node voltage is high when the PWM signal is high and low when the PWM is low. Likewise, the K1 is turned on when the K1 control voltage is high, and off when the control voltage is low. Depending on circuit design, control phase of PWM and K1 can be opposite, i.e. turning on the respective switch when low and turning it off when high.

Operation of pixel 1 proceeds as follows:

t1˜t4: PWM voltage is high. The pixel is turned on and the Va node is high. In the meantime, the K1 control voltage is also high at t1, synchronized with the turn-on of PWM. K1 control voltage remains low for pixel 2 and 3. K1 of pixel 1 is turned on, and the Va node voltage appears on the Vf bus, so the Vf bus voltage equal to Va voltage of pixel 1 at this time. The turning-off moment of K1, t3, is earlier than that of the PWM, t4, so that the pixel test can complete before the pixel is turned off.

Operation of pixel 2 proceeds as follows:

At t2: PWM is high and the pixel is turned on. The slight lagging between t1 and t2 is the phase shift. At this moment, K1 of pixel 1 is still on, so K1 control voltage of pixel 2 is low and pixel 2 is not tested for this PWM cycle.

t5˜t7: PWM is high and the pixel is turned on again at the second time. K1 control voltage is synchronized with pixel 2 at turn-on moment of t5 and stays on until t6. K1 control voltage remains low for other two pixels. Thus, the Vf bus voltage reflects the Va node voltage of pixel 2. In this example, the PWM duty cycle of pixel 2, which is the conduction or on time in percentage of the period or cycle time, is bigger than that of pixel 1. The Va voltage of pixel 2 is lower than that of pixel 1 when turned on.

Operation of pixel 3 proceeds as follows:

PWM is low all the time. The pixel stays off and Va node voltage is low.

t8˜t9: K1 control voltage is high for pixel 3 and low for other two pixels. Consequently, the Vf bus voltage represents the low Va voltage of pixel 3 at this time. The Va node voltage relation is:

FIG. 7 illustrate in more detail a block diagram 600 of active matrix array supporting LDO bypass. Row and column select are used to address individual pixels, which are supplied with a data line, a bypass line, a PWMOSC line, a V_(bias) line, and a V_(f) line. Timing and activation of a gate and pulse width modulator oscillator (PWMOSC) is illustrated with respect to FIG. 6B. As will appreciated, in certain embodiments LDO bypass is not required, and pixel testing can proceed using circuitry and/or control schemes described with respect to FIGS. 6C and 6D.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. It is also understood that other embodiments of this invention may be practiced in the absence of an element/step not specifically disclosed herein. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for driving a light emitting diode (LED) array, the method comprising: determining an image is to be displayed by the LED array, the LED array comprising thousands of pixels; and in response to determining that the image is to be displayed by the LED array: determining whether valid image data has been received at an image frame buffer for a first predetermined number of frames; in response to determining that valid image data has been received at the image frame buffer for the first predetermined number of frames, driving the LED array using the image data to generate the image; and in response to determining that valid image data has not been received at the image frame buffer for the first predetermined number of frames, driving the LED array using standby image data from a standby image buffer to generate the image.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting, by a command and control module, the standby image data from among a plurality of sets of standby image data stored in the standby image buffer.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether valid image data has been received at the image frame buffer for the first predetermined number of frames comprises determining whether errors are present in the image data for any of the first predetermined number of frames.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether valid image data has been received at the image frame buffer for the first predetermined number of frames comprises determining whether the first predetermined number of frames of the image data has been received at the image frame buffer from an external source.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the external source is bus of a vehicle.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the image data timely received at the image frame buffer corresponds to an image having an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with a headlamp radiation pattern of a vehicle.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the standby image data corresponds to an image having an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with a legally allowed low beam headlamp radiation pattern of the vehicle.
 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining whether sensor signals have been received from the vehicle, the sensor signals selected from a set of sensor signals that include ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of nearby vehicles, road conditions, and weather conditions; and in response to determining that the sensor signals have been received from the vehicle, adjusting, based on the sensor signals, at least one of the image data or standby image data to generate the image.
 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising: in response to determining that valid image data has been received at the image frame buffer for the first predetermined number of frames, repeating driving the LED array using the image data for a second predetermined number of image frames; and after driving the LED array using the image data for the second predetermined number of image frames: determining whether new valid image data has been received for a second predetermined number of frames at the image frame buffer from the external source; in response to determining that the new valid image data has been received for the second predetermined number of frames at the image frame buffer from the external source, repeating driving the LED array using the new valid image data for another second predetermined number of image frames; and in response to determining that the new valid image data has been received for the second predetermined number of frames at the image frame buffer from the external source, driving the LED array using the standby image data.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling groups of pixels of the LED array as individual blocks; and partially refreshing the image data in the image frame buffer to alter the image by only the groups of pixels associated with the partially refreshed image data.
 11. A compound metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backplane comprising: a driver configured to drive a light emitting diode (LED) array to generate an image based on driver image data supplied thereto; an image frame buffer configured to receive internal image data from an internal source and external image data from an external source; a standby image buffer coupled to the image frame buffer, the standby image buffer configured to hold standby image data for transmission to the image frame buffer as the internal image data from the internal source; and a controller coupled to the image frame buffer and the standby image buffer, the controller configured to: determine, based on whether the external image data has been timely received at the image frame buffer within a predetermined amount of time and, if timely received, whether at least one error is present in the external image data to determine whether the external image data is available in the image frame buffer for transmission to the driver to drive the LED array, in response to a determination that the external image data has been timely received, control transmission to the driver to be the external image data; and in response to a determination that the external image data has not been timely received, select one set of standby image data corresponding to one of a plurality of standby images in the standby image buffer for transmission to the driver.
 12. The CMOS backplane of claim 11, wherein the external image data received at the image frame buffer corresponds to an image having an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with a headlamp radiation pattern of a vehicle.
 13. The CMOS backplane of claim 12, wherein the standby image data corresponds to an image having an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with a legally allowed low beam headlamp radiation pattern of the vehicle.
 14. The CMOS backplane of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine whether sensor signals have been received from the vehicle, the sensor signals selected from a set of sensor signals that include ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of nearby vehicles, road conditions, and weather conditions; and in response to a determination that the sensor signals have been received from the vehicle, adjust, based on the sensor signals, at least one of the external image data or standby image data to generate the image.
 15. The CMOS backplane of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to: in response to a determination that the external image data has been timely received at the image frame buffer, drive the LED array repeatedly using the external image data for a predetermined number of image frames; and after the LED array is driven using the external image data for the predetermined number of image frames: determine whether new external image data has been timely received at the image frame buffer; in response to a determination that the new external image data has been timely received at the image frame buffer, drive the LED array repeatedly the LED array using the new external image data for another predetermined number of image frames; and in response to a determination that the new image data has not been timely received at the image frame buffer, drive the LED array using the standby image data.
 16. The CMOS backplane of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to control groups of pixels of the LED array as individual blocks, the image data in the image frame buffer being partially refreshed to alter the image by only the groups of pixels associated with the partially refreshed image data.
 17. The CMOS backplane of claim 11, wherein in response to a determination that the external image data is unavailable, the controller is further configured to direct the standby image in the standby image buffer to the image frame buffer by issuing a buffer swap command to swap the standby image into the image frame buffer.
 18. A vehicle headlamp system, comprising: a light emitting diode (LED) array; a driver configured to drive the LED array to generate an image based on driver image data supplied thereto; an image frame buffer coupled to a data bus to receive external image data via the data bus; a standby image buffer coupled to the image frame buffer, the standby image buffer configured to hold standby image data; an oscillator (OSC) to set a pulse width modulation oscillation (PWMOSC) frequency to drive the LED array; and a command and control module coupled to the driver to select the external image data in the image frame buffer or the standby image data to transfer to the image frame buffer as the driver image data, the image frame buffer and the standby image buffer, the command and control module comprising a digital to analog converter (DAC) to set a bias voltage for the LED array and analog to digital converters (ADC) to determine a maximum forward voltage and system temperature, the command and control module configured to reduce a driving current to drive the LED array using PWM to an intensity level indicated by the driver image data, the command and control module configured to control addressing of individual pixels or pixel blocks in the LED array via a bypass line for diagnostic, calibration, or testing of the LED array.
 19. The vehicle headlamp system of claim 18, wherein the command and control module is configured to determine calibration of a forward voltage of all pixels of the LED array and store a maximum, minimum, and average forward voltage of each of a plurality of active areas of the LED array as a different calibration frame.
 20. The vehicle headlamp system of claim 19, wherein the command and control module is further configured to at least one of: determine a change in forward voltage with respect to a change in temperature for each active area, store the change in forward voltage with respect to the change in temperature for each active area as a different change calibration frame, or select which of the external image data and the standby image data to use as the driver image data dependent on whether the external image data has been timely received at the image frame buffer and, if timely received, whether at least one error is present in the external image data in the image frame buffer. 